Clodrosome is a multilamellar liposome suspension in which clodronate is encapsulated in the aqueous compartments of the liposomes. Encapsome is formulated and prepared identically to Clodrosome except that clodronate is not added to the liposomes. The liposomes are filtered through 2 μm polycarbonate membranes to ensure that the larger particles, which may be toxic to animals, are removed from the suspension. Both are prepared and packaged under sterile conditions. When animals or cells are treated with Clodrosome, phagocytic cells recognize the liposomes as invading foreign particles and proceed to remove the liposomes from the local tissue or serum via phagocytosis. The liposomes then release clodronate into the cytosol, resulting in cell death. Non-encapsulated clodronate cannot cross the cell membrane to initiate cell death. Control liposomes (Encapsome) are recognized and phagocytosed by the same mechanism as Clodrosome. Since the control liposomes do not contain clodronate, the phagocytic cells are not killed. However, phagocytes do respond to the ingestion of control liposomes by cytokine secretion, temporary suspension of phagocytic activity and other responses described in the literature. Fluorescent liposomes (Fluoroliposome) suitable for macrophage targeting and tracking are available containing five different fluorescent dyes (DiI, DiO, DiD, DiA and DiR) that covers the entire spectrum. Fluorescent liposomes come in standard and mannosylated form. For more information see here. m-Clodrosome and m-Encapsome are mannosylated reagents that are specifically formulated to efficiently target macrophages in central nervous systems and macrophages that contain more mannose receptors.